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Benjamin Huntington

Benjamin Huntington

Benjamin Huntington (April 19, 1736 – October 16, 1800) was an American lawyer and politician from Norwich, Connecticut. He served Connecticut as a delegate to the Continental Congress and as a member of the U.S. House during the First United States Congress.

External link


- [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000995 Huntington's biographic sketch at the U.S. Congress website] Huntington, Benjamin Huntington, Benjamin Huntington, Benjamin Huntington, Benjamin

April 19

April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). There are 256 days remaining.

Events


- 1012 - Martyrdom of St Alphege in Greenwich, London.
- 1529 - At the Diet of Speyer, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement.
- 1587 - Sir Francis Drake sinks the French fleet in Cádiz Harbor.
- 1692 - Bridget Bishop's (in Salem, MA--accused of being a witch) trial.
- 1713 - With no living male heirs, Emperor Charles VI issues the Pragmatic Sanction to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inherited by his daughter, Maria Theresa.
- 1775 - American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Lexington and Concord – British General Thomas Gage attempts to confiscate American colonists' firearms. Captain John Parker orders his band of minutemen to not fire unless fired upon. Random shots rang out among the British soldiers. The minutemen promptly fired back. This was the "shot heard round the world." The British are driven back to Boston, Massachusetts, thus beginning the American Revolutionary War.
- 1809 - The army of Austria attacks and is defeated by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Battle of Raszyn, part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition.
- 1810 - Venezuela achieves home rule: Emparan, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a Junta is installed.
- 1839 - The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom.
- 1861 - American Civil War: A pro-Secession mob in Baltimore, Maryland, attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.
- 1892 - Charles Duryea claims to have driven the first automobile in the United States, in Springfield, Massachusetts.
- 1904 - Much of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is destroyed by fire.
- 1909 - Joan of Arc receives beatification.
- 1919 - Leslie Irvin of the United States makes the first successful parachute jump and free fall.
- 1927 - Mae West is sentenced to 10 days in jail for obscenity for her play Sex.
- 1928 - The 125th and final fascicle of the Oxford English Dictionary is published.
- 1933 - President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces that the United States will be abandoning the gold standard.
- 1934 - Shirley Temple debuts in Stand Up and Cheer.
- 1938 - RCA–NBC begins regular television broadcasts.
- 1943 - World War II: In Poland, German troops enter the Warsaw ghetto to round up the remaining Jews, beginning the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
- 1943 - Bicycle Day – Swiss chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann deliberately takes LSD for the first time.
- 1950 - Argentina becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1951 - General Douglas MacArthur retires from the military.
- 1956 - Actress Grace Kelly marries Rainier III of Monaco.
- 1960 - Students in South Korea hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against their president Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign.
- 1961 - The Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba ends in failure.
- 1971 - Sierra Leone becomes a republic, and Siaka Stevens the president.
- 1971 - Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans Against the War begin a five-day demonstration in Washington, DC.
- 1971 - Charles Manson is sentenced to life in prison for the Sharon Tate murders.
- 1971 - Launch of Salyut 1, first human-made space station.
- 1978 - Lagumot Harris is elected President of Nauru.
- 1980 - In The Hague, Netherlands, Johnny Logan wins the twenty-fifth Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland singing "What's Another Year".
- 1989 - A gun turret explodes on the USS Iowa, killing 47 sailors.
- 1989 - Trisha Meili, the "Central Park Jogger" is raped.
- 1993 - The 50-day siege of the Branch Davidian building outside Waco, Texas, USA, ends when a fire breaks out. Eighty-one people die.
- 1995 - Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, is bombed, killing 168.
- 1999 - The German Bundestag returns to Berlin.
- 2000 - An Air Philippines Boeing 737-200 crashes near Davao International Airport, killing 131.
- 2005 - Joseph Ratzinger elected Pope Benedict XVI on the second day of the Papal conclave.

Births


- 1320 - King Peter I of Portugal (d. 1367)
- 1452 - King Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1504)
- 1603 - Michel le Tellier, French statesman (d. 1685)
- 1658 - Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (d. 1716)
- 1665 - Jacques Lelong, French bibliographer (d. 1721)
- 1686 - Vasily Tatishchev, Russian statesman (d. 1750)
- 1721 - Thomas McKean, signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence (d. 1817)
- 1721 - Roger Sherman, signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence (d. 1793)
- 1785 - Alexandre Pierre François Boëly, French composer (d. 1858)
- 1793 - Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria (d. 1875)
- 1832 - José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
- 1874 - Ernst Rüdin, Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist (d. 1952)
- 1882 - Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil (d. 1954)
- 1883 - Richard von Mises, Austrian-born mathematician (d. 1953)
- 1892 - Germaine Tailleferre, French composer (d. 1983)
- 1897 - Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1970)
- 1897 - Constance Talmadge, American actress (d. 1973)
- 1899 - George O'Brien, American actor (d. 1985)
- 1900 - Richard Hughes, English novelist (d. 1976)
- 1903 - Eliot Ness, American lawman (d. 1957)
- 1912 - Glenn Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- 1919 - Merce Cunningham, American dancer and choreographher
- 1922 - Erich Hartmann, German pilot (d. 1993)
- 1925 - Hugh O'Brian, American actor
- 1928 - Alexis Korner, English musician (d. 1984)
- 1930 - Dick Sargent, American actor (d. 1994)
- 1933 - Dickie Bird, English cricket umpire
- 1933 - Jayne Mansfield, American actress (d. 1967)
- 1935 - Dudley Moore, English actor, musician, comedian, composer (d. 2002)
- 1936 - Wilfried Martens, Prime Minister of Belgium
- 1937 - Elinor Donahue, American actress
- 1937 - Joseph Estrada, actor and President of the Philippines
- 1944 - James Heckman, American economist, Nobel Prize
- 1944 - Bernie Worrell, American keyboardist (P Funk)
- 1946 - Tim Curry, British actor
- 1947 - Murray Perahia, American pianist
- 1952 - Alexis Arguello, Nicaraguan boxer
- 1953 - Ruby Wax, British television personality
- 1960 - Roger Merrett, Australian footballer
- 1960 - Frank Viola, baseball player
- 1962 - Al Unser, Jr., American race car driver
- 1965 - Suge Knight, American record producer
- 1967 - Steven H Silver, American science fiction editor
- 1967 - Greg Ferrara, Independent Filmmaker, writer
- 1967 - Dar Williams, American musician and songwriter
- 1968 - Mswati III, King of Swaziland
- 1968 - Ashley Judd, American actress
- 1970 - Kelly Holmes, English athlete
- 1970 - Luis Miguel, Puerto Rican singer
- 1972 - Rivaldo, Brazilian footballer
- 1975 - Jason Gillespie, Australian cricketer
- 1975 - Jussi Jaaskelainen, Finnish footballer
- 1978 - James Franco, American actor
- 1978 - Gabriel Heinze, Argentinian footballer
- 1979 - Kate Hudson, American actress
- 1981 - Hayden Christensen, Canadian actor
- 1981 - Catalina Sandino Moreno, Colombian actress
- 1987 - Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player

Deaths


- 1012 - Alphege, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 954)
- 1054 - Pope Leo IX (b. 1002)
- 1390 - King Robert II of Scotland (b. 1316)
- 1560 - Philipp Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer (b. 1497)
- 1578 - Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1530)
- 1588 - Paolo Veronese, Italian painter
- 1608 - Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English statesman and poet (b. 1536)
- 1627 - John Beaumont, English poet (b. 1583)
- 1629 - Sigismondo d'India, Italian composer
- 1632 - King Sigismund I of Sweden (b. 1561)
- 1686 - Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish writer (b. 1610)
- 1689 - Queen Christina of Sweden (b. 1626)
- 1733 - Elizabeth Villiers, mistress of William III of England
- 1768 - Canaletto, Italian artist (b. 1697)
- 1791 - Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (b. 1723)
- 1813 - Benjamin Rush, physician, activist (b. 1745)
- 1824 - George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, English poet (b. 1788)
- 1881 - Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
- 1882 - Charles Darwin, English biologist (b. 1809)
- 1906 - Pierre Curie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
- 1914 - Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher and mathematician (b. 1839)
- 1916 - Ephraim Shay, American inventor (b. 1839)
- 1926 - Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov, Russian statistician (b. 1874)
- 1930 - Georges-Casimir Dessaulles, Canadian senator (b. 1827)
- 1937 - William Martin Conway, British art critic and mountaineer (b. 1856)
- 1949 - Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (b. 1877)
- 1950 - Ernst Robert Curtius, Alsatian philologist (b. 1886)
- 1967 - Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
- 1971 - Russ Hodges, American sports broadcaster (b. 1910)
- 1971 - Earl Thomson, Canadian athlete (b. 1895)
- 1973 - Hans Kelsen, Austrian-born legal theorist
- 1974 - Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan (b. 1907)
- 1975 - Percy L. Julian, American chemist (b. 1899)
- 1987 - Hugh Brannum, American actor (b. 1910)
- 1987 - Maxwell D. Taylor, American general and diplomat (b. 1901)
- 1989 - Daphne du Maurier, English author (b. 1907)
- 1992 - Frankie Howerd, English comedian and actor (b. 1917)
- 1993 - David Koresh, American cult leader (b. 1959)
- 1998 - Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914)
- 2002 - Layne Staley, American musician (b. 1967)
- 2004 - Norris McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records (b. 1925)
- 2004 - John Maynard Smith, English bioligist (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Ruth Hussey, American actress (b. 1911)
- 2005 - Bryan Ottoson, American musician (b. 1978)
- 2005 - Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Danish jazz bassist (b. 1946)

Holidays and observances


- Patriots Day (Massachusetts, Maine, and Wisconsin, USA)
- Declaration of Independence Day (Venezuela)
- Republic Day (Sierra Leone)
- Landing of the 33 (Uruguay)
- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church:
  - Saint Emma
  - George of Antioch
  - Ursmar
  - Expeditus
- Primrose Day (England) – primroses are placed on the statue of Benjamin Disraeli in Parliament Square, London on the anniversary of his death (1881). There was a mistaken idea that the primrose was Lord Beaconsfield's favourite flower, since Queen Victoria sent them to his funeral.
- The Roman holiday of Cerealia ends. (Roman Empire)
- Bicycle Day
- Easter Sunday 1908, 1981, 1987, 1992. In the Gregorian Calendar Easter Sunday falls on 19 April more often than on any other date.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/19 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/4/19 Today in History: April 19] ---- April 18 - April 20 - March 19 - May 19 – listing of all days ko:4월 19일 ms:19 April ja:4月19日 simple:April 19 th:19 เมษายน

October 16

October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in Leap years). There are 76 days remaining.

Events


- 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Roman Empire
- 1775 - Portland, Maine burned by the British
- 1781 - George Washington captures Yorktown, Virginia
- 1793 - Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI is guillotined at the height of the French Revolution.
- 1793 - Battle of Wattignies
- 1813 - The Sixth Coalition attacks Napoleon Bonaparte in the Battle of Leipzig.
- 1834 - Much of the ancient structures of the Palace of Westminster in London is burnt down
- 1841 - Queen's University is founded in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
- 1843 - Sir William Rowan Hamilton invents the concept of quaternions.
- 1859 - John Brown leads raid on Harper's Ferry, West Virginia
- 1869 - Cardiff Giant, one of the most famous American hoaxes, discovered.
- 1869 - England's first residential college for women, Girton College, Cambridge, is founded.
- 1882 - The Nickel Plate Railroad opens for business.
- 1906 - The Captain of Köpenick fools the city hall of Köpenick and several soldiers by impersonating a Prussian officer.
- 1912 - Bulgarian pilots Radul Milkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the first bombing with an airplane in history.
- 1934 - Chinese Communists begin the Long March; it ended a year and four days later, by which time Mao Zedong had regained his title as party chairman.
- 1940 - Benjamin O. Davis Sr. named first African American general in the United States Army
- 1940 - Warsaw Ghetto established
- 1946 - Ten war criminals of the Second World War, condemned in the Nuremberg trials hanged.
- 1949 - Nikos Zakhiariadis, leader of the Communist Party of Greece, announces a "temporary cease-fire", effectively ending the Greek Civil War.
- 1951 - The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, is assassinated in Rawalpindi
- 1964 - People's Republic of China detonates its first nuclear weapon
- 1968 - United States athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos are kicked out of the USA's team for performing a Black Power salute during a medal ceremony.
- 1968 - Kingston, Jamaica is rocked by the Rodney Riots, inspired by the barring of Walter Rodney from the country.
- 1969 - United States - The "miracle" New York Mets win the World Series.
- 1970 - Anwar Sadat elected President of Egypt
- 1970 - Canada - In response to the October Crisis terrorist kidnapping, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act.
- 1972 - Rainbow, a British television programme for children, debuts.
- 1973 - Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1975 - The Balibo Five, a group of Australian television journalists based in the town of Balibo in the then Portuguese Timor (now East Timor), are killed by Indonesian troops.
- 1978 - Karol Józef Wojtyła becomes Pope John Paul II
- 1984 - Desmond Tutu is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1987 - Great Storm of 1987: hurricane force winds to hit much of the South of England killing 23 people.
- 1991 - George Hennard runs amok in Killeen, Texas, killing 23 and wounding 19 in Luby's Cafeteria.
- 1991 - Jharkhand Chhatra Yuva Morcha is founded at a conference in Ranchi, India.
- 1992 - Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson files a 1.4 million USD lawsuit against French tabloids for running topless photos taken of her on the French Riviera, including some of Texas millionaire John Bryan suckling on her toes.
- 1995 - The Million Man March occurs in Washington, DC.
- 1996 - 84 are killed and more than 180 injured as 47,000 soccer fans attempt to squeeze into the 36,000-seat Mateo Flores Stadium in Guatemala City.
- 2000 - InuYasha debuts in Japan
- 2001 - U.S. invasion of Afghanistan: U.S. warplanes mistakenly bomb International Red Cross warehouse in Kabul, Afghanistan .
- 2002 - Bibliotheca Alexandrina in the Egyptian city of Alexandria, a commemoration of the Library of Alexandria that was lost in antiquity, is officially inaugurated.
- 2005 - The Millions More March occurs in Washington, DC.
- 2005 - Four millions of people participate to the Unione's primary election in Italy.

Births


- 1430 - King James II of Scotland (d. 1460)
- 1483 - Gasparo Contarini, Italian diplomat and cardinal (d. 1542)
- 1535 - Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (d. 1585)
- 1663 - Eugene of Savoy, French-born Austrian general (d. 1736)
- 1710 - Andreas Hadik, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1790)
- 1714 - Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist (d. 1795)
- 1726 - Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (d. 1801)
- 1758 - Noah Webster, American lexicographer (d. 1843)
- 1815 - Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (d. 1905)
- 1840 - Kuroda Kiyotaka, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1900)
- 1841 - Prince Hirobumi Ito, Japanese governor of Korea (d. 1909)
- 1854 - Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900)
- 1861 - J. B. Bury, Irish historian (d. 1927)
- 1863 - Austen Chamberlain, English statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937)
- 1878 - Maxey Long, American athlete (d. 1959)
- 1886 - David Ben-Gurion, first Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1973)
- 1888 - Eugene O'Neill, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
- 1888 - Paul Popenoe, American activist (d. 1979)
- 1890 - Michael Collins, Irish patriot (d. 1922)
- 1890 - Paul Strand, American photographer (d. 1975)
- 1898 - William O. Douglas, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (d. 1980)
- 1900 - Primo Conti, Italian painter (d. 1988)
- 1903 - Cecile de Brunhoff, French storyteller (d. 2003)
- 1908 - Enver Hoxha, Albanian dictator (d.1985)
- 1914 - Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan
- 1918 - Louis Althusser, French Marxist philosopher (d. 1990)
- 1919 - Kathleen Winsor, American writer (d. 2003)
- 1925 - Angela Lansbury, English-born actress
- 1927 - Günter Grass, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1928 - Mary Daly, feminist
- 1931 - Charles Colson, American Watergate conspirator
- 1936 - Andrei Chikatilo, Russian serial killer
- 1940 - Barry Corbin, American actor
- 1940 - Dave DeBusschere, American basketball player (d. 2003)
- 1941 - Tim McCarver, baseball player and terrible baseball commentator
- 1946 - Suzanne Somers, American actress
- 1947 - Terry Griffiths, Welsh snooker player
- 1947 - Bob Weir, American musician (Grateful Dead)
- 1952 - Boogie Mosson, American musician (P Funk)
- 1952 - Ron Taylor, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1953 - Paulo Roberto Falcão, Brazilian footballer
- 1958 - Tim Robbins, American actor, director, and writer
- 1959 - Gary Kemp, British musician and actor
- 1959 - Erkki-Sven Tüür, Estonian composer
- 1962 - Flea, Australian musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
- 1962 - Dmitri Hvorostovsky, Russian baritone
- 1965 - Steve Lamacq, British journalist and disc jockey
- 1972 - Tomas Lindberg, Swedish musician (At The Gates)
- 1974 - Paul Kariya, Canadian hockey player
- 1977 - John Mayer, American musician
- 1980 - Sue Bird, American basketball player
- 1987 - Simerjit Phagura, Indian Queen, "U No"

Deaths


- 1553 - Lucas Cranach the Elder, German painter (b. 1472)
- 1555 - Hugh Latimer, English protestant (martyred)
- 1591 - Pope Gregory XIV (b. 1535)
- 1594 - William Cardinal Allen, English Catholic cardinal (b. 1532)
- 1621 - Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch composer (b. 1562)
- 1628 - François de Malherbe, French poet and critic (b. 1555)
- 1649 - Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter (b. 1621)
- 1655 - Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Italian physician, mathematician, and music theorist (b. 1591)
- 1750 - Sylvius Leopold Weiss, German composer and lutenist (b. 1687)
- 1781 - Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke, British naval officer (b. 1705)
- 1793 - Marie Antoinette, Queen of France (executed) (b. 1755)
- 1796 - Victor Amadeus III of Savoy (b. 1726)
- 1865 - Andrés Bello, Venezuelan poet, lawmaker, philosopher, and sociologist (b. 1781)
- 1877 - Theodore Barrière, French dramatist (b. 1823)
- 1888 - John Wentworth, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1815)
- 1893 - Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta, President of France (b. 1808)
- 1937 - Jean de Brunhoff, French writer (b. 1899)
- 1946 - Hans Frank, German war criminal (b. 1900)
- 1946 - Wilhelm Frick, German war criminal (b. 1877)
- 1946 - Alfred Jodl, German military officer (b. 1890)
- 1946 - Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Austrian SS officer (b. 1903)
- 1946 - Wilhelm Keitel, German military officer (b. 1882)
- 1946 - Joachim von Ribbentrop, German politician (b. 1893)
- 1946 - Alfred Rosenberg, Nazi ideologist (b. 1893)
- 1946 - Fritz Sauckel, German war criminal (b. 1892)
- 1946 - Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Austrian Nazi leader (b. 1894)
- 1946 - Julius Streicher, German propagandist (b. 1887)
- 1951 - Liaquat Ali Khan, first Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1896)
- 1959 - George Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1880)
- 1962 - Gaston Bachelard, French philosopher and poet (b. 1884)
- 1966 - George O'Hara, American actor (b. 1899)
- 1972 - Hale Boggs, U.S. Congressman from Louisiana (b. 1914)
- 1972 - Leo G. Carroll, English actor (b. 1892)
- 1973 - Gene Krupa, American musician (b. 1909)
- 1978 - Dan Dailey, American actor (b. 1913)
- 1979 - Johan Borgen, Norwegian author (b. 1903)
- 1981 - Moshe Dayan, Israeli general (b. 1915)
- 1983 - Jakov Gotovac, Croatian composer (b. 1895)
- 1986 - Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist (b. 1921)
- 1989 - Cornel Wilde, American actor (b. 1915)
- 1990 - Art Blakey, American jazz drummer (b. 1919)
- 1992 - Shirley Booth, American actress (b. 1898)
- 1994 - Raul Julia, American actor (b. 1940)
- 1996 - Eric Malpass, English novelist (b. 1910)
- 1996 - Jason Bernard, American actor (b. 1938)
- 1997 - James Michener, American writer
- 1998 - Jon Postel, American Internet pioneer (b. 1943)
- 1999 - Jean Shepherd, American writer and actor (b. 1921)
- 2000 - Mel Carnahan, American politician (b. 1934)
- 2002 - Angela Dawson, American activist
- 2003 - Avni Arbas, Turkish artist (b. 1919)
- 2003 - Stu Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1915)
- 2003 - László Papp, Hungarian boxer (b. 1926)
- 2004 - Pierre Salinger, John F. Kennedy's White House Press Secretary (b. 1925)
- 2005 - Len Dresslar, American singer and voice actor (b. 1925)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Saint Hedwig of Andechs; Saint Margaret Marie Alacoque; Saint Gall
- Also see October 16 (Easter Orthodox liturgics)
- Bahá'í Faith – Feast of 'Ilm (Knowledge) - First day of the 12th month of the Bahá'í Calendar
- United Nations - World Food Day
- United States - World Food Prize Day, apparently a.k.a. Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Day in Iowa and Minnesota; National Feral Cat Day; Boss's Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/16 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 15 - October 17 - September 16 - November 16 - more historical anniversaries ko:10월 16일 ms:16 Oktober ja:10月16日 simple:October 16 th:16 ตุลาคม

1800

1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events


- March 14 - Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti is elected pope as Pius VII.
- March 21 - Pius VII is ordained.
- April 24 - U.S. Library of Congress founded.
- May 5 - Great Britain passes the Act of Union to join Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom to take effect on 1 January 1801. The act is signed by King George III in August.
- May 15 - Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy.
- June 14 - Battle of Marengo, Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.
- June 2 - First smallpox vaccination in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
- June 27 - Pascha Jussuf Karamanli of Tripoli declares war on Sweden by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.
- September 5 - The island of Malta, that was occupied by the French, is conquered by British troops.
- November 1 - U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).
- November 17 - The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, DC session.
- December 3 - Battle of Hohenlinden, the French army defeats the Austrian troops.
- December 24 - An assault on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris.
- December 24 - Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris.
- Invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta: the first chemical battery
- The infrared radiation is discovered by Wilhelm Herschel.
- The Althing of Iceland, the world's oldest parliament, is abolished.

Ongoing events


- French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign

Deaths


- January 1 - Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere (died 1857)
- January 7 - Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States (died 1874)
- January 12 - George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, English diplomat and statesman (died 1870)
- January 14 - Ludwig von Köchel, Austrian musicologist (died 1877)
- January 17 - Caleb Cushing, American statesman and diplomat (died 1879)
- January 24 - Edwin Chadwick, English social reformer (died 1890)
- January 26 - Elizabeth Ann Whitney, Mormon leader (died 1882)
- February 1 - Brian Houghton Hodgson, English civil servant (died 1894)
- February 6 - Achille Devéria, French painter and lithographer (died 1857)
- February 9 - Hyrum Smith, American religious leader (died 1844)
- February 9 - Joseph von Führich, Austrian painter (died 1876)
- February 11 - William Fox Talbot, English photographic pioneer (died 1877)
- February 12 - John Edward Gray, British zoologist (died 1875)
- February 23 - William Jardine, Scottish naturalist (died 1874)
- February 26 - Lucius Lyon, U.S. statesman (died 1851)
- March 3 - Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist and paleontologist (died 1862)
- March 10 - Victor Aimé Huber, German social reformer (died 1869)
- March 12 - Louis Prosper Gachard, Belgian man of letters (died 1885)
- March 16 - Emperor Ninko of Japan (died 1846)
- March 17 - Rudolf Ewald Stier, German Protestant churchman and mystic (died 1862)
- March 20 - Gottfried Bernhardy, German philologist and literary historian (died 1875)
- March 25 - Alexis Paulin Paris, French scholar and author (died 1881)
- March 25 - Ernst Heinrich Karl von Dechen, German geologist and mineralogist (died 1889)
- March 28 - Johann Georg Wagler, German herpetologist (died 1832)
- April 4 - Tokugawa Nariaki, Japanese daimyo of Mito (died 1860)
- April 15 - James Clark Ross, British naval officer and explorer (died 1862)
- April 16 - Jakob Heine, German orthopaedist (died 1879)
- April 16 - George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, British soldier (died 1888)
- April 29 - Hiram Cronk, last surviving veteran of the War of 1812 (died 1905)
- May 5 - Louis Christophe François Hachette, French publisher (died 1864)
- May 8 - Armand Carrel, French writer (died 1836)
- May 9 - John Brown, American abolitionist (died 1859)
- May 9 - Samuel Carter Hall, English journalist (died 1889)
- June 1 - Charles Fremantle, Royal Navy officer (died 1869)
- June 17 - William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, Irish astronomer (died 1867)
- June 23 - Karol Marcinkowski, Polish physician and social activist (died 1846)
- July 14 - Jean-Baptiste Dumas, French chemist (died 1884)
- July 19 - Juan José Flores, first president of Ecuador (died 1864)
- July 22 - Jakob Lorber, German Christian mystic (died 1864)
- July 22 - Robert McCormick, British Royal Navy surgeon (died 1890)
- July 31 - Friedrich Wöhler, German chemist (died 1882)
- August 4 - Hercules L. Dousman, American trader and financier (died 1868)
- August 10 - Otto August Rosenberger, German astronomer (died 1890)
- August 12 - Jean-Jacques Ampère, French philologist (died 1864)
- August 19 - Buckner Stith Morris, mayor of Chicago (died 1879)
- August 19 - James Lenox, American bibliophile and philanthropist (died 1880)
- August 22 - Edward Barron Chandler, American politician (died 1880)
- August 22 - William S. Harney, U.S. general (died 1889)
- August 22 - Edward Bouverie Pusey, English churchman (died 1882)
- August 25 - Karl Hase, German Protestant theologian and Church historian (died 1890)
- September 6 - Catharine Beecher, American educator (died 1878)
- September 11 - Daniel S. Dickinson, Confederate admiral (died 1866)
- September 13 - Franklin Buchanan, officer in the U.S. Navy who became an admiral in the Confederate Navy during the American Civil War (died 1874)
- September 13 - David Stewart, American politician (died 1858)
- September 15 - Paul Friedrich, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (died 1842)
- September 19 - William McKean, admiral in the United States Navy (died 1865)
- September 20 - Benjamin Franklin White, American singing master (died 1879)
- September 22 - George Bentham, English botanist (died 1884)
- September 22 - Thomas Holloway, English pharmacist and philanthropist (died 1883)
- September 23 - William Holmes McGuffey, American professor who created the McGuffey Readers (died 1873)
- September 30 - Decimus Burton, prolific English architect and garden designer (died 1881)
- October 1 - Lars Levi Laestadius, Swedish Lutheran pastor of Sami ancestry (died 1861)
- October 2 - Nat Turner, American slave rebel (died 1831)
- October 3 - George Bancroft, American historian and statesman (died 1891)
- October 8 - Jules Desnoyers, French geologist and archaeologist (died 1887)
- October 18 - Henry Taylor, English dramatist (died 1886)
- October 22 - Christian Lassen, German orientalist (died 1876)
- October 23 - Henri Milne-Edwards, French zoologist (died 1885)
- October 25 - Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, British poet (died 1859)
- October 25 - Jacques Paul Migne, French priest and theologian (died 1875)
- October 26 - Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, German field marshal (died 1891)
- October 27 - Benjamin Wade, U.S. lawyer and politician (died 1878)
- November 4 - Edwin Waller, Americian entrepreneur (died 1881)
- November 4 - George Long, English classical scholar (died 1879)
- November 17 - Achille Fould, French financier and politician (died 1867)
- November 18 - John Nelson Darby, British evangelist (died 1882)
- November 22 - Linn Boyd, U.S. politician (died 1859)
- November 27 - Frances Anne Kemble, British actress and author (died 1893)
- December 1 - Mihály Vörösmarty, Hungarian poet (died 1855)
- December 3 - France Prešeren, Slovenian poet (died 1849)
- December 4 - Emil Aarestrup, Danish erotic poet (died 1856)
- December 4 - William Fenwick Williams, British military (died 1883)
- December 5 - Thomas Ford, governor of Illinois (died 1850)
- December 7 - Giuseppe Gené, Italian naturalist and author (died 1847)
- December 25 - John Phillips, English geologist (died 1874)
- December 27 - John Goss, English organist and composer (died 1880)
- December 29 - Charles Goodyear, American rubber magnate (died 1860)
- Aga Khan I, Shah of Persia (died 1881)
- Jewgenij Abramovich Baratynski, Russian poet (died 1844)
- Ugo Bassi, Italian patriot (died 1849)
- James Black, creator of the original Bowie knife (died 1870)
- Elias Boudinot, Cherokee who started and edited the tribe's first newspaper (died 1839)
- John McLeod Campbell, Scottish churchman (died 1872)
- Robert L. Caruthers, Confederate governor of Tennessee (died 1882)
- Martín Perfecto de Cos, Mexican general (died 1854)
- Catherine Crowe, British writer (died 1876)
- John Evelyn Denison, 1st Viscount Ossington, English statesman (died 1875)
- Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach, German geometer (died 1827)
- Charles Auguste Désiré Filon, French historian (died 1875)
- James Glynn, United States Navy officer (died 1871)
- Edwin Guest, English antiquary (died 1880)
- James Henry Hackett, United States actor (died 1871)
- Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax, English statesman (died 1885)
- Anna Maria Hall, Irish writer (died 1889)
- George Hudson, English railway financier (died 1871)
- John Hudson, English classical scholar (died 1871)
- Frederick Yeates Hurlstone, English painter (died 1869)
- Richard Lawrence, attempted assassin of Andrew Jackson (died 1861)
- Thomas Henry Lister, English novelist (died 1842)
- Ramón María Narváez, Spanish soldier and statesman (died 1868)
- William Nicholson, officer in the United States Navy (died 1872)
- Johann Gerhard Oncken, German Baptist preacher (died 1884)
- Mustafa Resid Pasha, Turkish statesman and diplomat
- William Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland (died 1879)
- Gustaw Potworowski, Polish activist (died 1860)
- William Price, British physician and eccentric (died 1893)
- John Baptist Purcell, U.S. (Irish-born) archbishop (died 1883)
- Ippolito Rosellini, Italian Egyptologist (died 1843)
- Roman Sanguszko, Polish noble (died 1881)
- William Simson, Scottish portrait (died 1847)
- Henrietta Constance Smithson, Irish actress (died 1854)
- Pierre St. Amant, leading French chess master (died 1872)
- Nicholas P. Trist, secretary to Andrew Jackson (died 1874)
- A.W. Volkmann, German physiologist (died 1877)
- Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (died 1873)
- Jacob Westervelt, American shipbuilder and mayor of New York (died 1856)
- Andrzej Artur Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (died 1874)

Births


- January 1 - Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, French naturalist (born 1716)
- January 6 - William Jones, English divine (born 1726)
- January 9 - Jean Étienne Championnet, French general (born 1762)
- January 13 - Dempsey Burges, Republican U.S. Congressman (born 1751)
- January 20 - Thomas Mifflin, fifth President of the United States in Congress assembled under the Articles of Confederation (born 1744)
- January 22 - George Steevens, English Shakespearean commentator (born 1736)
- January 23 - Edward Rutledge, U.S. statesman (born 1749)
- February 2 - James C. Jarvis, United States Navy officer (born 1787)
- February 23 - Joseph Warton, English academic and literary critic (born 1722)
- March 1 - John Hazelwood, officer in the Continental Navy (born 1726)
- March 14 - Daines Barrington, English naturalist (born 1727)
- March 21 - William Blount, U.S. statesman (born 1749)
- March 29 - Marc René, marquis de Montalembert, French military engineer and writer (born 1714)
- April 25 - Ezekiel Cornell, Continental Congressman from Rhode Island (born 1732)
- April 25 - William Cowper, English poet (born 1731)
- May 4 - Armand, duc d'Aiguillon (born 1750)
- May 7 - Niccola Piccinni, Italian composer (born 1728)
- May 18 - Alexander Suvorov, Count of Rymnik (born 1729)
- June 14 - Louis Charles Antoine Desaix de Veygoux, French military leader (killed in battle) (born 1768)
- June 14 - Jean Baptiste Kléber, French general (assassinated) (born 1753)
- June 20 - Abraham Gotthelf Kästner, German mathematician (born 1719)
- June 30 - Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney, British politician (born 1732)
- July 14 - Lorenzo Mascheroni, Italian mathematician (born 1750)
- July 18 - John Rutledge, governor of South Carolina (born 1739)
- August 31 - John Blair, American politician (born 1732)
- September 26 - William Billings, American choral composer (born 1746)
- September 27 - William Gibbons, American lawyer and revolutionary (born 1726)
- September 29 - Michael Denis, Austrian poet (born 1729)
- October 16 - Benjamin Huntington, American lawyer and politician (born 1736)
- October 28 - Artemas Ward, American Major General in the American Revolutionary War and a Congressman from Massachusetts (born 1727)
- November 5 - Jesse Ramsden, English astronomical instrument maker (born 1735)
- December 17 - William Peery, American farmer and lawyer (born 1743)
- December 27 - Hugh Blair, Scottish Presbyterian preacher and man of letters (born 1718)
- Jean-Baptiste Audebert, French artist and naturalist
- Angelo Maria Bandini, Italian author (born 1726)
- Samuel Barrington, British admiral (born 1729)
- François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé, French general (born 1739)
- Thomas Conway, Irish soldier (born 1734)
- Henry Cort, English ironmaster
- George Dixon, English sea captain and explorer (born 1755)
- Joseph de Guignes, French orientalist (born 1721)
- Johann Hermann, German physician and naturalist (born 1738)
- Charles Johnstone, Irish writer (born 1719)
- Rawlins Lowndes, American lawyer and jurist (born 1721)
- Elizabeth Montagu, English literary critic (born 1720)
- Kazimierz Poniatowski, Polish nobleman (born 1721)
- Gabriel, African American slave and revolutionary (born 1775)
- Maciej Radziwill, Polish nobleman (born 1749)
- Baron von Riedesel, German soldier (born 1738)
- Mary Robinson, English poet (born 1756)
- Matthew Robinson, 2nd Baron Rokeby, English eccentric nobleman (born 1712)
- Charles Stewart, American revolutionary (born 1729)
- Aleksander August Zamoyski, Polish nobleman
- Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne, Grenadier officer in the French army (born 1743) Category:1800 ko:1800년 ms:1800

United States

:For alternative meanings, see the disambiguation page for US, USA, United States, or American. The United States of America is a federal democratic republic situated primarily in central North America. It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories. It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the States, or simply and most commonly, America. The official founding date of the United States is July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence. However, the structure of the government was profoundly changed in 1788, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The date on which each of the fifty states adopted the Constitution is typically regarded as the date that state "entered the Union" (became part of the United States). Since the mid-20th century, following World War II, the United States has emerged as a dominant global influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological, and cultural affairs.

Geography and climate

The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and territorial water boundaries with Canada, Russia, the Bahamas, and numerous smaller nations. It is otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea, in the west; the Arctic Ocean, in the northernmost areas; and the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, in the eastern and southeastern areas. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the continental or contiguous United States, sometimes abbreviated CONUS, and as the Lower 48. Alaska, which is not included in the term contiguous United States, is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The archipelago of Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland. (Virginia also donated land, but it was returned in 1847.) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization. When inland water is included in the total area, only Russia and Canada are larger than the United States; if inland water is excluded, China ranks third and the U.S. ranks fourth. The United States' total area is 3,718,711 square miles (9,631,418 km²), of which land makes up 3,537,438 square miles (9,161,923 km²) and water makes up 181,273 square miles (469,495 km²). The United States' landscape is one of the most varied among those of the world's nations: among its many features are temperate forestland and rolling hills, on the east coast; mangrove, in Florida; the Great Plains, in the center of the country; the Mississippi–Missouri river system; the Great Lakes, four of the five of which are shared with Canada; the Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains; deserts and temperate coastal zones, west of the Rocky Mountains; and temperate rain forests, in the Pacific northwest. Alaska's tundra, and the volcanic, tropical islands of Hawaii add to the geographic diversity. Hawaii The climate varies along with the landscape, from tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida to tundra in Alaska and atop some of the highest mountains. Most of the North and East experience a temperate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Most of the South experiences a subtropical humid climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. Rainfall decreases markedly from the humid forests of the Eastern Great Plains to the semi-arid shortgrass prairies on the high plains abutting the Rocky Mountains. Arid deserts, including the Mojave, extend through the lowlands and valleys of the southwest, from westernmost Texas to California and northward throughout much of Nevada. Some parts of California have a Mediterranean climate. Rainforests line the windward mountains of the Pacific Northwest from Oregon to Alaska.

History

American history started with the migration of people from Asia across the Bering land bridge approximately 12,000 years ago following large animals that they hunted into the Americas. These Native Americans left evidence of their presence in petroglyphs, burial mounds, and other artifacts. It is estimated that 2-9 million people lived in the territory now occupied by the U.S. before European contact, and the subsequent introduction of foreign diseases such as small pox that greatly diminished the native populations. Some advanced societies were the Anasazi of the southwest, who inhabited Chaco Canyon, and the Woodland Indians, who built Cahokia, located near present-day St Louis, a city with a population of 40,000 at its peak in AD 1200. Vikings first visited North America around 1000, but did not settle permanently. Following the discovery voyages of Christopher Columbus around 1492, other Europeans began to explore and settle there. During the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish settled parts of the present-day Southwest and